12/14/2023 0 Comments Naturalistic observation psychology![]() ![]() Longitudinal study: A research design that examines how individuals develop by studying the same sample over a long period of time.Hawthorne effect: A phenomenon in which research subjects tend to alter their behavior in response to knowledge of being observed.Participant observation: A mostly qualitative research method in which the researcher becomes a member of a studied group, either overtly or covertly.Inter-rater reliability: A statistical measure of the degree of agreement between different codings of the same phenomena.Coding: The classification of behaviors into discrete categories, used especially in structured observations to achieve a level of consistency in recording and describing observations.Structured observation: A type of observational research typically conducted in a laboratory setting, where the researcher can control some aspects of the environment.Naturalistic observation: A research method, typically qualitative in nature and usually covert and undisclosed, that attempts to document behavior as it spontaneously occurs in a real world setting.Negative correlation: An r value below 0, which indicates that two variables have an inverse relationship: when one variable increases, the other decreases.Positive correlation: An r value above 0, which indicates that two variables have a direct relationship: when one variable increases, the other also increases. ![]() The closer the coefficient is to −1 or +1, the stronger the correlation between the variables. Correlation coefficient: A number (symbolized by r ) between −1 and +1, which represents the strength and direction of the correlation between two variables.Qualitative research: Research that does not rely on numerical representations of data, such as naturalistic observations, unstructured interviews, and case studies.Quantitative research: Research that uses operational measurements and statistical techniques to reach conclusions on the basis of numerical data, such as correlational studies and experiments.Because psychological study often involves the participation of human subjects, researchers must abide by established ethical principles and practices as well as legal guidelines while conducting research.This involves the use of descriptive statistics like measures of central tendency and dispersion, as well as inferential statistics for making generalizations based on the data. Researchers use statistics to analyze and make sense of the data gathered in a research study.This is done by controlling variables, creating representative samples, controlling for internal and external validity, and operationalizing definitions and measurements. Psychological research is carefully designed so that researchers can be confident about using results to draw conclusions about real-life phenomena.The study of psychology relies on a diverse array of qualitative and quantitative research methods, including observations, case studies, surveys, and controlled experiments.
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